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The location on the Yunnan border with Myanmar and its unique cultural landscape has shaped Lincang humped cattle over time. In the current study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of 22 Lincang humped cattle using whole-genome resequencing data. We found that Lincang humped cattle derived from both Indian indicine and Chinese indicine cattle depicted higher levels of genomic diversity. Based on genome-wide scans, candidate genomic regions were identified that were potentially involved in local thermal and humid environmental adaptions, including genes associated with the body size ( TCF12 ,  SENP2 ,  KIF1C , and  PFN1 ), immunity ( LIPH ,  IRAK3 ,  GZMM , and  ELANE ), and heat tolerance ( MED16 ,  DNAJC8 ,  HSPA4 ,  FILIP1L ,  HELB ,  BCL2L1 , and  TPX2 ). Missense mutations were detected in candidate genes  IRAK3 ,  HSPA4 , and  HELB . Interestingly, eight missense mutations observed in the  HELB  gene were specific to the indicine cattle pedigree. These mutations may reveal differences between indicine and taurine cattle adapted to variable climatic conditions. Our research provides new insights into the genetic characteristics of Lincang humped cattle representing Lincang and Pu’er areas as an important channel for the migration of Indian indicine from domestication centers toward southwestern China.

Whole-Genome Analyses Reveal Genomic Characteristics and Selection Signatures of Lincang Humped Cattle at the China–Myanmar Border