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Nulliparous yearling beef heifers ( n =360) were used to evaluate the effects of maternal dietary protein during the periconception and first trimester periods of gestation on postnatal growth, feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and the expression of genes associated with appetite in the arcuate nucleus of their male progeny. Heifers were individually fed a diet of 1.18g crude protein (CP)/day High protein (HPeri) or 0.62g CP/day Low protein (LPeri) beginning 60days before conception. From 24 to 98days post-conception (dpc), half of each treatment group changed to the alternative post-conception diet and were fed 1.49g CP/day (HPost) or 0.88g CP/day (LPost) yielding four treatment groups in a 2×2 factorial design. From day 98 of gestation, heifers received a common diet until parturition. Calves were weaned at 183days and developed on pasture before feedlot entry. Bulls underwent a 70-day Residual Feed Intake (RFI) feedlot test commencing at 528days of age. Feedlot entry and final body weight (BW), feedlot average daily gain (ADG) and RFI were not different ( p >0.05). Progeny of dams that had a change in diet (LPeri/HPost and HPeri/LPost) had 9% higher daily dry matter intake (DMI) during the RFI test ( p <0.05) than progeny of dams that received low diet throughout both the peri-conception period and first trimester (LPeri/LPost). Further, mRNA expression of the appetite-stimulating agouti-related protein (AGRP) was increased in the arcuate nucleus of High Peri/LPost bulls ( p <0.05).  Longissimus dorsi  muscle cross sectional area, carcass dressing percentage, and estimated retail beef yield (RBY) were all higher ( p <0.05), and rump (P8) fat tended to be lower ( p =0.07), for bulls from HPost dams despite no difference in carcass weight ( p <0.05). This study is of commercial importance to the livestock industry as specific periods of maternal dietary supplementation may increase feed intake, enhance progeny muscling, and alter fat deposition leading to improvement in efficiency of meat production in beef cattle.

Periconception and First Trimester Diet Modifies Appetite, Hypothalamic Gene Expression, and Carcass Traits in Bulls