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Genetic association data from national biobanks and large-scale associationstudies have provided new prospects for understanding the genetic evolution ofcomplex traits and diseases in humans. In turn, genomes from ancient humanarchaeological remains are now easier than ever to obtain, and provide a directwindow into changes in frequencies of trait-associated alleles in the past.This has generated a new wave of studies aiming to analyse the geneticcomponent of traits in historic and prehistoric times using ancient DNA, and todetermine whether any such traits were subject to natural selection. In humans,however, issues about the portability and robustness of complex trait inferenceacross different populations are particularly concerning when predictions areextended to individuals that died thousands of years ago, and for which little,if any, phenotypic validation is possible. In this review, we discuss theadvantages of incorporating ancient genomes into studies of trait-associatedvariants, the need for models that can better accommodate ancient genomes intoquantitative genetic frameworks, and the existing limits to inferences aboutcomplex trait evolution, particularly with respect to past populations.

Quantitative Human Paleogenetics: what can ancient DNA tell us about complex trait evolution?