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As an important warm-season turfgrass and forage grass species with wide applications, bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon  L.) simultaneously has shoot, stolon and rhizome, three types of stems with different physiological functions. To better understand how the three types of stems differentiate and specialize, we generated an organ-specific transcriptome dataset of bermudagrass encompassing 114,169 unigenes, among which 100,878 and 65,901 could be assigned to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and the Gene Ontology (GO) terms, respectively. Using the dataset, we comprehensively analyzed the gene expression of different organs, especially the shoot, stolon and rhizome. The results indicated that six organs of bermudagrass all contained more than 52,000 significantly expressed unigenes, however, only 3,028 unigenes were enrich-expressed in different organs. Paired comparison analyses further indicated that 11,762 unigenes were differentially expressed in the three types of stems. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that 39 KEGG pathways were enriched with the differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs). Specifically, 401 DEGs were involved in plant hormone signal transduction, whereas 1,978 DEGs were transcription factors involved in gene expression regulation. Furthermore, in agreement with the starch content and starch synthase assay results, DEGs encoding starch synthesis-related enzymes all showed the highest expression level in the rhizome. These results not only provided new insights into the specialization of stems in bermudagrass but also made solid foundation for future gene functional studies in this important grass species and other stoloniferous/rhizomatous plants.

Organ-Specific Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in the Stem Specialization of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.)