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Follistatin (FST) is a secretory glycoprotein and belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. Previously, we found that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of sheep  FST  gene were significantly associated with wool quality traits in Chinese Merino sheep (Junken type), indicating that FST is involved in the regulation of hair follicle development and hair trait formation. The transcription regulation of human and mouse  FST  genes has been widely investigated, and many transcription factors have been identified to regulate  FST  gene. However, to date, the transcriptional regulation of sheep  FST  is largely unknown. In the present study, genome walking was used to close the genomic gap upstream of the sheep genomic  FST  gene and to obtain the  FST  gene promoter sequence. Transcription factor binding site analysis showed sheep  FST  promoter region contained a conserved putative binding site for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), located at nucleotides −423 to −416 relative to the first nucleotide (A, +1) of the initiation codon (ATG) of sheep  FST  gene. The dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that STAT3 inhibited the  FST  promoter activity and that the mutation of the putative STAT3 binding site attenuated the inhibitory effect of STAT3 on the  FST  promoter activity. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) exhibited that STAT3 is directly bound to the  FST  promoter. Cell proliferation assay displayed that FST and STAT3 played opposite roles in cell proliferation. Overexpression of sheep  FST  significantly promoted the proliferation of sheep fetal fibroblasts (SFFs) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and overexpression of sheep  STAT3  displayed opposite results, which was accompanied by a significantly reduced expression of  FST  gene ( P  < 0.05). Taken together, STAT3 directly negatively regulates sheep  FST  gene and depresses cell proliferation. Our findings may contribute to understanding molecular mechanisms that underlie hair follicle development and morphogenesis.

STAT3 Partly Inhibits Cell Proliferation via Direct Negative Regulation of FST Gene Expression