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Crops are challenged by the increasing high temperature. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a molecular chaperone, plays a critical role in the heat response in plants. However, the evolutionary conservation and divergence of  HSP90s  homeologs in polyploidy crops are largely unknown. Using the newly released hexaploid wheat reference sequence, we identified 18  TaHSP90s  that are evenly distributed as homeologous genes among three wheat subgenomes, and were highly conserved in terms of sequence identity and gene structure among homeologs. Intensive time-course transcriptomes showed uniform expression and transcriptional response profiles among the three  TaHSP90  homeologs. Based on the comprehensive isoforms generated by combining full-length single-molecule sequencing and Illumina short read sequencing, 126 isoforms, including 90 newly identified isoforms of  TaHSP90s , were identified, and each  TaHSP90  generated one to three major isoforms. Intriguingly, the numbers and the splicing modes of the major isoforms generated by three  TaHSP90  homeologs were obviously different. Furthermore, the quantified expression profiles of the major isoforms generated by three  TaHSP90  homeologs are also distinctly varied, exhibiting differential alternative splicing (AS) responses of homeologs. Our results showed that the AS diversified the heat response of the conserved  TaHSP90s  and provided a new perspective for understanding about functional conservation and divergence of homologous genes.

frontiers in genetics

Alternative Splicing Diversified the Heat Response and Evolutionary Strategy of Conserved Heat Shock Protein 90s in Hexaploid Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)