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Fusarium  crown rot (FCR) and  Fusarium  head blight (FHB) are caused by  Fusarium pseudograminearum  and are newly emerging diseases of wheat in China. In this study, we characterized  FpPPR1 , a gene that encodes a protein with 12 pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs. The radial growth rate of the Δ Fpppr1  deletion mutant was significantly slower than the wild type strain WZ-8A on potato dextrose agar plates and exhibited significantly smaller colonies with sector mutations. The aerial mycelium of the mutant was almost absent in culture tubes. The Δ Fpppr1  mutant was able to produce spores, but spores of abnormal size and altered conidium septum shape were produced with a significant reduction in sporulation compared to wild type. Δ Fpppr1  failed to cause disease on wheat coleoptiles and barley leaves using mycelia plugs or spore suspensions. The mutant phenotypes were successfully restored to the wild type levels in complemented strains. FpPpr1-GFP signals in spores and mycelia predominantly overlapped with Mito-tracker signals, which substantiated the mitochondria targeting signal prediction of FpPpr1. RNAseq revealed significant transcriptional changes in the Δ Fpppr1  mutant with 1,367 genes down-regulated and 1,333 genes up-regulated. NAD-binding proteins, thioredoxin, 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain proteins, and cytochrome P450 genes were significantly down-regulated in Δ Fpppr1 , implying the dysfunction of mitochondria-mediated reductase redox stress in the mutant. The mating type idiomorphic alleles  MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2 , and  MAT1-1-3  in  F. pseudograminearum  were also down-regulated after deletion of  FpPPR1  and validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Additionally, 21 genes encoding putative heterokaryon incompatibility proteins were down-regulated. The yellow pigmentation of the mutant was correlated with reduced expression of  PKS12  cluster genes. Taken together, our findings on  FpPpr1  indicate that this PPR protein has multiple functions in fungal asexual development, regulation of heterokaryon formation, mating-type, and pathogenesis in  F. pseudograminearum .

frontiers in genetics

The FpPPR1 Gene Encodes a Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein That Is Essential for Asexual Development, Sporulation, and Pathogenesis in Fusarium pseudograminearum