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Plant Glycine-rich proteins (GRP), a superfamily with a glycine-rich domain, play an important role in various stresses such as high or low temperature stress and drought stress.  GRP  genes have been studied in many plants, but seldom in Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa  L. ssp.  pekinensis ). In this study, a total of 64 GRP genes were identified in Chinese cabbage by homology comparative analysis. The physical and chemical characteristics predicted by ProtParam tool revealed that 62.5% of BrGRPs were alkaline, 53.1% were stable, and 79.7% were hydrophilic. Conserved domain analysis by MEME and TBtools showed that 64 BrGRPs contained 20 of the same conserved motifs, based on which BrGRPs were classified into five main classes and four subclasses in class IV to clarify their evolutionary relationship. Our results demonstrated that The  BrGRP  genes were located on ten chromosomes and in three different subgenomes of Chinese cabbage, and 43 pairs of orthologous  GRP  genes were found between Chinese cabbage and  Arabidopsis . According to the transcriptome data, 64  BrGRP  genes showed abnormal expression under high temperature stress, 52 under low temperature stress, 39 under drought stress, and 23 responses to soft rot. A large number of stress-related  cis- acting elements, such as DRE, MYC, MYB, and ABRE were found in their promoter regions by PlantCare, which corresponded with differential expressions. Two  BrGRP  genes- w546  ( Bra030284 ) and  w1409  ( Bra014000 ), both belonging to the subfamily Subclass IVa  RBP-GRP  (RNA binding protein-glycine rich protein), were up-regulated under 150 mmol⋅L –1  NaCl stress in Chinese cabbage. However, the overexpressed  w546  gene could significantly inhibit seed germination, while  w1409  significantly accelerated seed germination under 100 mmol⋅L –1  NaCl or 300 mmol⋅L −1  mannitol stresses. In short, most  BrGRP  genes showed abnormal expression under adversity stress, and some were involved in multiple stress responses, suggesting a potential capacity to resist multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, which is worthy of further study. Our study provides a systematic investigation of the molecular characteristics and expression patterns of  BrGRP  genes and promotes for further work on improving stress resistance of Chinese cabbage.

frontiers in genetics

Molecular Characterization, Expression Pattern and Function Analysis of Glycine-Rich Protein Genes Under Stresses in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)