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Myiopsitta monachus  is a small Neotropical parrot (Psittaciformes: Arini Tribe) from subtropical and temperate regions of South America. It has a diploid chromosome number 2 n  = 48, different from other members of the Arini Tribe that have usually 70 chromosomes. The species has the lowest 2 n  within the Arini Tribe. In this study, we combined comparative chromosome painting with probes generated from chromosomes of  Gallus gallus  and  Leucopternis albicollis , and FISH with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) selected from the genome library of  G. gallus  with the aim to shed light on the dynamics of genome reorganization in  M. monachus  in the phylogenetic context. The homology maps showed a great number of fissions in macrochromosomes, and many fusions between microchromosomes and fragments of macrochromosomes. Our phylogenetic analysis by Maximum Parsimony agree with molecular data, placing  M .  monachus  in a basal position within the Arini Tribe, together with  Amazona aestiva  (short tailed species). In  M. monachus  many chromosome rearrangements were found to represent autopomorphic characters, indicating that after this species split as an independent branch, an intensive karyotype reorganization took place. In addition, our results show that  M .  monachus  probes generated by flow cytometry provide novel cytogenetic tools for the detection of avian chromosome rearrangements, since this species presents breakpoints that have not been described in other species.

Chromosomal Evolution in the Phylogenetic Context: A Remarkable Karyotype Reorganization in Neotropical Parrot Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae)