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Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) play important roles in plant growth and development and in responses to abiotic stresses. However, little information was available about the  ERF  genes in woodland strawberry ( Fragaria vesca ), a genetic model plant for the  Fragaria  genus and Rosaceae family. In this study, 91  FveERF  genes were identified, including 35 arrayed in tandem, indicating that tandem duplication is a major mechanism for the expansion of the FveERF family. According to their phylogenetic relationships with  AtERF s from  Arabidopsis thaliana , the tandem  FveERF  genes could be grouped into ancestral and lineage-specific tandem ones. The ancestral tandem  FveERF s are likely derived from tandem duplications that occurred in the common ancestor of  F. vesca  and  A. thaliana , whereas the lineage-specific ones are specifically present in the  F. vesca  lineage. The lineage-specific tandem  FveERF  duplicates are more conserved than the ancestral ones in sequence and structure. However, their expression in flowers and fruits is similarly diversified, indicating that tandem  FveERF s have diverged rapidly after duplication in this respect. The lineage-specific tandem  FveERF s display the same response patterns with only one exception under drought or cold, whereas the ancestral tandem ones are largely differentially expressed, suggesting that divergence of tandem  FveERF  expression under stress may have occurred later in the reproductive development. Our results provide evidence that the retention of tandem  FveERF  duplicates soon after their duplication may be related to their divergence in the regulation of reproductive development. In contrast, their further divergence in expression pattern likely contributes to plant response to abiotic stress.

Characterization and Expression Analysis of ERF Genes in Fragaria vesca Suggest Different Divergences of Tandem ERF Duplicates