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Recently, increasing attempts have been made to understand how plant genes function  in natura . In this context, transcriptional profiles represent plant physiological status in response to environmental stimuli. Herein, we combined high-throughput RNA-Seq with insect survey data on 19 accessions of  Arabidopsis thaliana  grown at a field site in Switzerland. We found that genes with the gene ontology (GO) annotations of “glucosinolate biosynthetic process” and “response to insects” were most significantly enriched, and the expression of these genes was highly variable among plant accessions. Nearly half of the total expression variation in the glucosinolate biosynthetic genes ( AOP s,  ESM1 ,  ESP , and  TGG1 ) was explained by among-accession variation. Of these genes, the expression level of  AOP3  differed among Col-0 accession individuals depending on the abundance of the mustard aphid ( Lipaphis erysimi ). We also found that the expression of the major  cis -jasmone activated gene  CYP81D11  was positively correlated with the number of flea beetles ( Phyllotreta striolata  and  Phyllotreta atra ). Combined with the field RNA-Seq data, bioassays confirmed that  AOP3  was up-regulated in response to attack by mustard aphids. The combined results from RNA-Seq and our ecological survey illustrate the feasibility of using field transcriptomics to detect an inducible defense, providing a first step towards an  in natura  understanding of biotic interactions involving phenotypic plasticity.

Transcriptional Variation in Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Genes and Inducible Responses to Aphid Herbivory on Field-Grown Arabidopsis thaliana