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The timing of the transition to flowering is carefully controlled by plants in order to optimize sexual reproduction and the ensuing production of seeds, grains, and fruits. The genetic networks that regulate floral induction are best characterized in the temperate eudicot  Arabidopsi s in which the florigen gene  FT  plays a major role in promoting the transition to flowering. Legumes are an important plant group, but less is known about the regulation of their flowering time. In the model legume  Medicago truncatula  ( Medicago ), a temperate annual plant like  Arabidopsis , flowering is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) followed by long day lengths (LD). Recent molecular-genetic experiments have revealed that a  FT-like  gene,  MtFTa1 , is a central regulator of flowering time in  Medicago . Here, we characterize the three  Medicago  FRUITFULL (FUL) MADS transcription factors, MtFULa, MtFULb, and MtFULc using phylogenetic analyses, gene expression profiling through developmental time courses, and functional analyses in transgenic plants.  MtFULa  and  MtFULb  have similarity in sequence and expression profiles under inductive environmental conditions during both vegetative and reproductive development while  MtFULc  is only up regulated in the apex after flowering in LD conditions. Sustained up regulation of  MtFULs  requires functional  MtFTa1  but their transcript levels are not affected during cold treatment. Overexpression of  MtFULa  and  MtFULb  promotes flowering in transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants with an additional terminal flower phenotype on some  35S:MtFULb  plants. An increase in transcript levels of the  MtFULs  was also observed in  Medicago  plants overexpressing  MtFTa1 . Our results suggest that the  MtFULs  are targets of  MtFTa1 . Overall, this work highlights the conserved functions of  FUL-like  genes in promoting flowering and other roles in plant development and thus contributes to our understanding of the genetic control of the flowering process in  Medicago .

frontiers in genetics

Three Medicago MtFUL genes have distinct and overlapping expression patterns during vegetative and reproductive development and 35S:MtFULb accelerates flowering and causes a terminal flower phenotype in Arabidopsis