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Recently, the first chemical cues, which induce defenses in freshwater zooplankton of the genus  Daphnia  have been identified. Still it is unknown how general these so-called kairomones are and if they are perceived by and thereby benefitting invasive species. We here report the chemical identity of the fish-derived chemical signal that induces morphological defensive structures in the invasive species  Daphnia lumholtzi.  We used bioassay-guided isolation (LC-MS) of incubation water of fish and identified the bile salt 5α-cyprinol sulfate (5α-CPS) as the kairomone. We confirmed this finding by bioassays, in which  D. lumholtzi  was exposed to purified 5α-CPS sulfate from fish bile and showed that 10 pM 5α-CPS induces significantly elongated helmets and spines in relation to body length. These results identify on one hand another  Daphnia  species besides  Daphnia magna , which is responding to this particular fish-borne kairomone, and on the other hand they reveal another defense that the kairomone induces besides diel vertical migration (DVM). Taken together a high evolutionary conservancy of the molecular mechanism behind inducible defenses in  Daphnia  spp. against fish can be deduced. It is reasonable to expect that 5α-CPS is involved in further predator—prey communication between  Daphnia  and fish, which may be of special ecological relevance with regard to invasive species as  D. lumholtzi .

One Kairomone and Multiple Effects in Daphnia Species—5α-Cyprinol Sulfate Induces Morphological Defenses in the Invasive Species Daphnia lumholtzi