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International audienceUrban sprawl is associated with deep and intense modifications of the natural habitats ofwild vertebrates. Although, many species are unable to cope with such an environment, afew species can be found in cities and can help us assessing the impact of urbanizationon wildlife. Urban-related environmental modifications are multiple and some of themseem beneficial while others seem rather detrimental to wild vertebrates. Moreover, theimpact of these modifications on wild vertebrates is likely to vary depending on the phaseof the annual life-cycle. Therefore, it is challenging to get a comprehensive picture of theimpact of urbanization on wild vertebrates. Overall, urbanization is usually associatedwith reduced breeding performances in wild birds, but the impact of urbanizationon the phenotype and quality of developing offspring has been less studied. In thisstudy, we specifically investigated the impact of urbanization on several proxies ofindividual quality in great tits (Parusmajor).We concomitantlymeasured body size (tarsuslength and body mass), plumage coloration, and telomere length in 14-days old chicksissued from 4 populations (two pairs of urban/rural populations located in two differentgeographical areas of France). First, rural chicks were significantly taller and heavierthan urban birds although this impact of urbanization on body size/body mass appearsonly true for the most urbanized site. Interestingly, body size was also affected by thegeographical area of capture, suggesting that regional environmental conditions mayattenuate or exacerbate the influence of urbanization on nestling growth. Second, thecarotenoid-based yellow plumage of rural nestlings was more colorful than that of urbanbirds, independently of the area of capture. This suggests that urban birds probably havea low-carotenoid diet relative to rural birds. Finally, telomere length did not differ betweenrural and urban chicks. These results suggest that urbanization probably imposes largedevelopmental constraints in wild vertebrates and that this impact may primarily berelated to constraining nutritional conditions

Growing in Cities: An Urban Penalty for Wild Birds? A Study of Phenotypic Differences between Urban and Rural Great Tit Chicks (Parus major)