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Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus  L.) is an important bioenergy crop that contributes to the diversification of renewable energy supply and mitigation of fossil fuel CO 2  emissions. Typical oilseed rape crop management includes the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and the incorporation of oilseed rape straw into soil after harvest. However, both management options risk increasing soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The aim of this 2-years field experiment was to identify the regulating factors of N cycling with emphasis on N 2 O emissions during the post-harvest period. As well as the N 2 O emission rates, soil ammonia (NH 4  + ) and nitrate (NO 3  − ) contents, crop residue and seed yield were also measured. Treatments included variation of fertilizer (non-fertilized, 90 and 180 kg N ha −1 ) and residue management (straw remaining, straw removal). Measured N 2 O emission data showed large intra- and inter-annual variations ranging from 0.5 (No-fert + str) to 1.0 kg N 2 O-N ha −1  (Fert-180 + str) in 2013 and from 4.1 (Fert-90 + str) to 7.3 kg N 2 O-N ha −1  (No-fert + str) in 2014. Cumulative N 2 O emissions showed that straw incorporation led to no difference or slightly reduced N 2 O emissions compared with treatments with straw removal, while N fertilization has no effect on post-harvest N 2 O emissions. A process-based model, CoupModel, was used to explain the large annual variation of N 2 O after calibration with measured environmental data. Both modeled and measured data suggest that soil water-filled pore space and temperature were the key factors controlling post-harvest N 2 O emissions, even though the model seemed to show a higher N 2 O response to the N fertilizer levels than our measured data. We conclude that straw incorporation in oilseed rape cropping is environmentally beneficial for mitigating N 2 O losses. The revealed importance of climate in regulating the emissions implies the value of multi-year measurements. Future studies should focus on new management practices to mitigate detrimental effects caused by global warming, for example by using cover crops.

Climate Overrides Effects of Fertilizer and Straw Management as Controls of Nitrous Oxide Emissions After Oilseed Rape Harvest