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Sex differentiation in teleost fishes occurs in response to sex determination signals, which induce the gonad to develop as either an ovary or testis. However, sex differentiation mechanisms in fishes are diverse, and information on gonad differentiation in sex changing fishes remains limited. The orange-spotted grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) is a protogynous hermaphroditic fish that provides an ideal model for investigating gonad differentiation in vertebrates. In this study, Transcriptome data showed that expression levels of  amh  and  amhrII  in gonads were increased during sex differentiation. Then we investigated the effect of overexpression anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) on gonad development in juvenile orange-spotted groupers. Expression levels of female-related genes and serum 17β-estradiol levels were decreased, while expression of male-related genes and serum 11-ketotestosterone levels were increased in fish fed with  amh -plasmid. Overexpression of Amh was also promoted the spermatogonia proliferation and induced the development of male gonads in undifferentiated orange-spotted groupers, but that this male tendency was preceded by female differentiation. In summary, these results illustrated that Amh overexpression by  amh -plasmid feeding induced male gonad development in undifferentiated groupers.

frontiers in endocrinology

Overexpression of Anti-müllerian Hormone Gene in vivo Affects Gonad Sex Differentiation in Undifferentiated Orange-Spotted Groupers (Epinephelus coioides)