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Crop phenology is the process of crop growth and yield formation, which is largely driven by climatic conditions. It is vital to investigate the shifts in crop phenological processes in response to climate variability. Previous studies often only explored the response of a single crop phenology to climate change, and lacked comparative studies on the climate response in different crop phenology. We intend to investigate the trends in phenological change of three typical crops (i.e., maize, rice and soybean) in Northeast China (NEC) and their response to climate change during 1981–2010. Its main purpose is to reveal the differences in the sensitivity of different crop phenology to key climate factors [e.g., mean temperature ( T ), accumulated precipitation ( AP ) and accumulated sunshine hours ( AS ) during the crop growth period]. We found that the three crops have different phenological changes and varying ranges, and significant spatial heterogeneity in phenological changes. The results indicated that the lengths of different crop growth stages [e.g., the vegetative growth period (VGP), the reproductive growth period (RGP) and the whole growth period (WGP)] were negatively correlated with  T , especially in VGP and WGP. However, the lengths of growth period of the three crops were positively correlated with  AP  and  AS . For each 1°C increase in  T , the number of days shortened in WGP (about 5 days) was the largest, and that in RGP (less than 2 days) was the smallest. Therefore, the increases in  T  during past 3 decades have significantly shortened VGP and WGP of three crops, but had slight and inconsistent effects on RGP. Moreover, changes in  AP  has slight impact on the growth periods of maize and rice, and significantly shortened RGP and WGP of soybean. Changes in  AS  exerted important and inconsistent effects on the phenology of three crops. This study indicated that there are significant differences in the sensitivity and response of different crop phenology to climate factors. Therefore, in evaluating the response and adaptation of crops to climate change, comparison and comprehensive analysis of multiple crops are helpful to deeply understand the impact of climate change on crop production.

Trends and Climate Response in the Phenology of Crops in Northeast China