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Megathrust subduction faults have caused the largest earthquakes ever recorded in human history. In addition, they are often associated with devastating tsunamis. Thus, assessing their potential maximum magnitude and respective return periods is vital for seismic-tsunami hazard assessment. However, empirical data is limited, owing to their very-long recurrence period that can be several centuries or millennia. To bridge this gap of empirical data with seismotectonic observations, a combined assessment of maximum magnitudes and return periods was undertaken applying a variety of machine learning and conventional methods. For this purpose, 76 subduction zone segments have been assessed worldwide. This includes a 3D modelling of subduction slab geometries on the basis of earthquake hypocentres and a collection of various relevant parameters e.g. those of local geology, geodesy or seismicity. These parameters have been used to assess the potential maximum magnitudes using machine learning classification and other statistical methods. The results have been combined with a tapered Gutenberg-Richter seismicity model and plate tectonic modelling to quantify earthquake return periods and their uncertainties. They show that almost all major subduction zones have the potential to produce earthquakes $M_w\ge8.5$ and that the maximum magnitude highly correlates with the subduction zone geometry. The results also highlight the potential of large megathrust earthquakes in regions where no large or significant events have been recorded during human written history. It is hoped that the results of this study support the development of tail-end hazard and risk studies for long return period events and the quantification of tsunami hazard and risk.

Global Megathrust Earthquake Hazard—Maximum Magnitude Assessment Using Multi-Variate Machine Learning