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Objective  Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common and serious complication in clinical practice. Sevoflurane conditionings have been identified to provide a protection against myocardial IRI in animal experiments, but their true clinical benefits remain controversial. Here, we aimed to analyze the preclinical evidences obtained in animal models of myocardial IRI and explore the possible reasons for controversial clinical benefits.    Methods  Our primary outcome was the difference in mean infarct size between the sevoflurane and control groups in animal models of myocardial IRI. After searching the databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, a systematic review retrieved 37 eligible studies, from which 28 studies controlled comparisons of sevoflurane preconditioning (SPreC) and 40 studies controlled comparisons of sevoflurane postconditioning (SPostC) that were made in a pooled random-effects meta-analysis. In total, this analysis included data from 313 control animals and 536 animals subject to sevoflurane conditionings.    Results  Pooled estimates for primary outcome demonstrated that sevoflurane could significantly reduce the infarct size after myocardial IRI whether preconditioning [weighted mean difference (WMD): −18.56, 95% CI: −23.27 to −13.85,  P  &amp;lt; 0.01;  I  2  = 94.1%,  P  &amp;lt; 0.01] or postconditioning (WMD: −18.35, 95% CI: −20.88 to −15.83,  P  &amp;lt; 0.01;  I  2  = 90.5%,  P  &amp;lt; 0.01) was performed. Interestingly, there was significant heterogeneity in effect size that could not be explained by any of the prespecified variables by meta-regression and stratified analysis. However, sensitivity analysis still identified the cardioprotective benefits of sevoflurane conditionings with robust results.    Conclusion  Sevoflurane conditionings can significantly reduce infarct size in  in-vivo  models of myocardial IRI. Given the fact that there is a lack of consistency in the quality and design of included studies, more well-performed  in-vivo  studies with the detailed characterization of sevoflurane protocols, especially studies in larger animals regarding cardioprotection effects of sevoflurane, are still required.

frontiers in cardiovascular medicine

The Protective Effect of Sevoflurane Conditionings Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Trials in in-vivo Models