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Trypanosoma cruzi  cruzipain (Cz) bears a C-terminal domain (C-T) that contains sulfated epitopes “sulfotopes” (GlcNAc6S) on its unique N-glycosylation site. The effects of  in vivo  exposure to GlcNAc6S on heart tissue ultrastructure, immune responses, and along the outcome of infection by  T. cruzi , were evaluated in a murine experimental model, BALB/c, using three independent strategies. First, mice were pre-exposed to C-T by immunization. C-T-immunized mice (C-T IM ) showed IgG2a/IgG1 &amp;lt;1, induced the production of cytokines from Th2, Th17, and Th1 profiles with respect to those of dC-T IM , which only induced IL-10 respect to the control mice. Surprisingly, after sublethal challenge, both C-T IM  and dC-T IM  showed significantly higher parasitemia and mortality than the control group. Second, mice exposed to BSA-GlcNAc6S as immunogen (BSA-GlcNAc6S IM ) showed: severe ultrastructural cardiac alterations while BSA-GlcNAc IM  conserved the regular tissue architecture with slight myofibril changes; a strong highly specific humoral-immune-response reproducing the IgG-isotype-profile obtained with C-T IM ; and a significant memory-T-cell-response demonstrating sulfotope-immunodominance with respect to BSA-GlcNAc IM . After sublethal challenge, BSA-GlcNAc6S IM  showed exacerbated parasitemias, despite elevated IFN-γ levels were registered. In both cases, the abrogation of ultrastructural alterations when using desulfated immunogens supported the direct involvement of sulfotopes and/or indirect effect through their specific antibodies, in the induction of tissue damage. Finally, a third strategy using a passive transference of sulfotope-specific antibodies (IgG-GlcNAc6S) showed the detrimental activity of IgG-GlcNAc6S on mice cardiac tissue, and mice treated with IgG-GlcNAc6S after a sublethal dose of  T. cruzi , surprisingly reached higher parasitemias than control groups. These findings confirmed the indirect role of the sulfotopes,  via  their IgG-GlcNAc6S, both in the immunopathogenicity as well as favoring  T. cruzi  infection.

frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

Cruzipain Sulfotopes-Specific Antibodies Generate Cardiac Tissue Abnormalities and Favor Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in the BALB/c Mice Model of Experimental Chagas Disease