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Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most important clinical manifestation of infection with  Trypanosma cruzi  ( T. cruzi ) due to its frequency and effects on morbidity and mortality. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infiltrate the tissue and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages. Advances in pathophysiology show that myeloid cell subpopulations contribute to cardiac homeostasis, emerging as possible therapeutic targets. We previously demonstrated that fenofibrate, PPARα agonist, controls inflammation, prevents fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a murine infection model. In this work we investigated the spontaneous release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, changes in the frequencies of monocyte subsets, and fenofibrate effects on PBMC of seropositive patients with different clinical stages of Chagas disease. The results show that PBMC from Chagas disease patients display higher levels of IL-12, TGF-β, IL-6, MCP1, and CCR2 than cells from uninfected individuals (HI), irrespectively of the clinical stage, asymptomatic (Asy) or with Chagas heart disease (CHD). Fenofibrate reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and CCR2 in both Asy and CHD patients. We found that CHD patients display a significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes in comparison with Asy patients and HI. Besides, Asy patients have a significantly higher percentage of non-classical monocytes than CHD patients or HI. However, no difference in the intermediate monocyte subpopulation was found between groups. Moreover, monocytes from Asy or CHD patients exhibit different responses upon stimulation  in vitro  with  T. cruzi  lysates and fenofibrate treatment. Stimulation with  T. cruzi  significantly increases the percentage of classical monocytes in the Asy group whereas the percentage of intermediate monocytes decreases. Besides, there are no changes in their frequencies in CHD or HI. Notably, stimulation with  T. cruzi  did not modify the frequency of the non-classical monocytes subpopulation in any of the groups studied. Moreover, fenofibrate treatment of  T. cruzi -stimulated cells, increased the frequency of the non-classical subpopulation in Asy patients. Interestingly, fenofibrate restores CCR2 levels but does not modify HLA-DR expression in any groups. In conclusion, our results emphasize a potential role for fenofibrate as a modulator of monocyte subpopulations towards an anti-inflammatory and healing profile in different stages of chronic Chagas disease.

Fenofibrate Increases the Population of Non-Classical Monocytes in Asymptomatic Chagas Disease Patients and Modulates Inflammatory Cytokines in PBMC