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Vibrio neptunius  is an inhabitant of mollusc microbiota and an opportunistic pathogen causing disease outbreaks in marine bivalve mollusc species including oysters and clams. Virulence of mollusc pathogenic vibrios is mainly associated with the production of extracellular products. However, siderophore production is a common feature in pathogenic marine bacteria but its role in fitness and virulence of mollusc pathogens remains unknown. We previously found that  V. neptunius  produces amphibactin, one of the most abundant siderophores in marine microbes. In this work, synthesis of the siderophore piscibactin was identified as the second siderophore produced by  V. neptunius . Single and double mutants in biosynthetic genes of each siderophore system, piscibactin and amphibactin, were constructed in  V. neptunius  and their role in growth ability and virulence was characterized. Although the High Pathogenicity Island encoding piscibactin is a major virulence factor in vibrios pathogenic for fish, the  V. neptunius  wild type did not cause mortality in turbot. The results showed that amphibactin contributes more than piscibactin to bacterial fitness  in vitro . However, infection challenges showed that each siderophore system contributes equally to virulence for molluscs. The  V. neptunius  strain unable to produce any siderophore was severely impaired to cause vibriosis in clams. Although the inactivation of one of the two siderophore systems (either amphibactin or piscibactin) significantly reduced virulence compared to the wild type strain, the ability to produce both siderophores simultaneously maximised the degree of virulence. Evaluation of the gene expression pattern of each siderophore system showed that they are simultaneously expressed when  V. neptunius  is cultivated under low iron availability  in vitro  and  ex vivo . Finally, the analysis of the distribution of siderophore systems in genomes of  Vibrio  spp. pathogenic for molluscs showed that the gene clusters encoding amphibactin and piscibactin are widespread in the Coralliilyticus clade. Thus, siderophore production would constitute a key virulence factor for bivalve molluscs pathogenic vibrios.

Vibrio neptunius Produces Piscibactin and Amphibactin and Both Siderophores Contribute Significantly to Virulence for Clams