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The study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence determinants in  Vibrio  species recovered from different freshwater sheds in rustic milieu. A total of 118  Vibrio  isolates comprising  Vibrio fluvialis  (n=41),  Vibrio mimicus  (n=40) and  V. vulnificus  (n=37) was identified by amplification of  ToxR ,  vmh  and  hsp60  genes. The amplification of virulence genes indicated that  V .  mimicus  ( toxR ,  zot ,  ctx ,  VPI , and  ompU ) genes were detected in 12.5%, 32.5%, 45%, 37.5% and 10% respectively.  V .  fluvialis  genes ( stn ,  hupO  and  vfh ) were harboured in 48.8%, 14.6% and 19.5% isolates congruently. The other virulence genes that include  vcgC  and  vcgE  were observed in 63.1% and 29% of isolates belonging to  V .  vulnificus . With the exceptions of imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin, most isolates exhibited more than 50% resistance to antibiotics. The antimicrobial resistance was more prevalent for polymyxin B (100%), azithromycin (100%) and least in ciprofloxacin (16.1%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index range was 0.3 and 0.8 with most isolates showing MARI of 0.8. The  bla TEM, AmpC,  bla GES,  bla IMP,  bla OXA-48 and  bla KPC genes were detected in 53.3%, 42%, 29.6%, 16.6%, 15%, 11.3% and 5.6% of the isolates. Non-beta lactamases such as streptomycin resistance ( aadA  and  strA ), gentamicin resistance ( aphA1 ) and quinolone resistance gene ( qnrVC ) were found in 5.2%, 44.3%, 26% and 2.8%. Chloramphenicol resistance genes ( cmlA1  and  catII ) were found in 5.2% and 44.3% among the isolates. Our findings reveal the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulent  Vibrio  species in aquatic environment which can have potential risk to human and animal’s health.

Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics of Vibrio Isolates From Rustic Environmental Freshwaters