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Florfenicol is widely used to control respiratory diseases and intestinal infections in food animals. However, there are increasing reports about florfenicol resistance of various clinical pathogens.  floR  is a key resistance gene that mediates resistance to florfenicol and could spread among different bacteria. Here, we investigated the prevalence of  floR  in 430  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  isolates from human clinical samples and identified three types of  floR  genes (designated  floR ,  floR-T1  and  floR-T2 ) in these isolates, with  floR-T1  the most prevalent (5.3%, 23/430). FloR-T2 was a novel  floR  variant identified in this study, and exhibited less identity with other FloR proteins than FloRv. Moreover,  floR-T1  and  floR-T2  identified in  P. aeruginosa  strain TL1285 were functionally active and located on multi-drug resistance region of a novel incomplete Tn 4371 -like integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) in the chromosome. The expression of the two  floR  variants could be induced by florfenicol or chloramphenicol. These results indicated that the two  floR  variants played an essential role in the host’s resistance to amphenicol and the spreading of these  floR  variants might be related with the Tn 4371  family ICE.

Identification of floR Variants Associated With a Novel Tn4371-Like Integrative and Conjugative Element in Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates