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This study aimed at determining the beneficial effect of  Clostridium butyricum  (CB) RH2 on ceftriaxone-induced dysbacteriosis. To this purpose, BALB/c mice were exposed to ceftriaxone (400 mg/ml) or not (control) for 7 days, and administered a daily oral gavage of low-, and high-dose CB RH2 (10 8  and 10 10  CFU/ml, respectively) for 2 weeks. CB RH2 altered the diversity of gut microbiota, changed the composition of gut microbiota in phylum and genus level, decreased the F/B ratio, and decreased the pro-inflammatory bacteria ( Deferribacteres ,  Oscillibacter ,  Desulfovibrio ,  Mucispirillum  and  Parabacteroides ) in ceftriaxone-treated mice. Additionally, CB RH2 improved colonic architecture and intestinal integrity by improving the mucous layer and the tight junction barrier. Furthermore, CB RH2 also mitigated intestinal inflammation through decreasing proinflammatory factors (TNF-α and COX-2) and increasing anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10). CB RH2 had direct effects on the expansion of CD4 +  T cells in Peyer’s patches (PPs)  in vitro , which in turn affected their immune response upon challenge with ceftriaxone. All these data suggested that CB RH2 possessed the ability to modulate the intestinal mucosal and systemic immune system in limiting intestinal alterations to relieve ceftriaxone-induced dysbacteriosis.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Mucosal Barrier Protection of Clostridium butyricum RH2 in Ceftriaxone-Induced Intestinal Dysbacteriosis