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The number of people who smoke has increased in recent years, and the incidence of smoking-related diseases increases annually. This study was conducted to explore whether smoking affects diseases  via  changes in the gut microbiota. We enrolled 33 smokers and 121 non-smokers. We collected fecal samples from all participants and performed whole-genome sequencing. Smoking significantly affected the gut microbiota. At the phylum through genus levels, the smokers’ microbiotas showed slight changes compared with those of the non-smokers. The α- and β-diversities differed significantly between the smokers and non-smokers, and the smokers’ gut microbiota compositions differed significantly from those of the non-smokers. At the species level, the relative abundances of  Ruminococcus gnavus  ( P =0.00197) and  Bacteroides vulgatus  ( P =0.0468) were significantly greater in the smokers than in the non-smokers, while the relative abundances of  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  ( P =0.52) and  Akkermansia muciniphila  ( P =0.0057) were significantly lower in the smokers. Smoking increases inflammation in the body by inducing an increased abundance of proinflammatory bacteria. Non-smokers had higher abundances of anti-inflammatory microorganisms than did smokers; these microorganisms can produce short-chain fatty acids, which inhibit inflammation.

Effects of Smoking on Inflammatory Markers in a Healthy Population as Analyzed via the Gut Microbiota