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In total, 49 clinical samples were analyzed using two typing schemes, Enhanced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), to describe the molecular characteristics of circulating  Treponema pallidum  isolates in Xiamen between 2016 and 2017. In addition, genetic mutations potentially related to antibiotic resistance of  T. pallidum  were also analyzed. Forty five samples were fully typed by ECDC, and 14 different subtypes were detected. The most common subtype was 16d/f (24.4%), followed by 14d/f (20.0%). All forty nine samples were successfully typed by MLST, while only four allelic profiles were identified, including three SS14-like profiles and one Nichols-like profile. Among them, the major allelic profile was 1.1.8 (85.7%). Interestingly, the allelic profile 1.3.1 widespread in Europe and North America was not detected in this region. Additionally, A2058G mutation in 23S rRNA was found in all detectable samples (38/38), and no mutation in 16S rRNA was observed (36/36). Four non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in penicillin-binding protein genes were found in the 35 samples eligible for Sanger sequencing. Among them, the variant in  tp0500  (P564I) can only be found in the SS14-like isolates. Homoplastic changes in  tp0760  (I415F/I415M) and  tp0705  (A506V/A506T) were found. Moreover, the variant  tp0705  A506V and the variant  tp0705  A506T separately appeared in the SS14-like isolates and Nichols-like isolates, respectively. This study showed that the genotypes of  T. pallidum  isolates in Xiamen between 2016 and 2017 were different from those in other geographic areas. The resistance-related variants of  T. pallidum  isolates identified in this study could provide awareness for clinicians in the treatment of syphilis.

frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

Molecular Characterization Based on MLST and ECDC Typing Schemes and Antibiotic Resistance Analyses of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum in Xiamen, China