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Francisella tularensis  is a Select Agent that causes the severe disease tularemia in humans and many animal species. The bacterium demonstrates rapid intracellular replication, however, macrophages can control its replication if primed and activation with IFN-γ is known to be essential, although alone not sufficient, to mediate such control. To further investigate the mechanisms that control intracellular  F. tularensis  replication, an  in vitro  co-culture system was utilized containing splenocytes obtained from naïve or immunized C57BL/6 mice as effectors and infected bone marrow-derived wild-type or chromosome-3-deficient guanylate-binding protein (GBP)-deficient macrophages. Cells were infected either with the  F. tularensis  live vaccine strain (LVS), the highly virulent SCHU S4 strain, or the surrogate for  F. tularensis ,  F. novicida . Regardless of strain, significant control of the bacterial replication was observed in co-cultures with wild-type macrophages and immune splenocytes, but not in cultures with immune splenocytes and  GBP   chr3 -deficient macrophages. Supernatants demonstrated very distinct, infectious agent-dependent patterns of 23 cytokines, whereas the cytokine patterns were only marginally affected by the presence or absence of GBPs. Levels of a majority of cytokines were inversely correlated to the degree of control of the SCHU S4 and LVS infections, but this was not the case for the  F. novicida  infection. Collectively, the co-culture assay based on immune mouse-derived splenocytes identified a dominant role of GBPs for the control of intracellular replication of various  F. tularensis  strains, regardless of their virulence, whereas the cytokine patterns markedly were dependent on the infectious agents, but less so on GBPs.

Guanylate-Binding Proteins Are Critical for Effective Control of Francisella tularensis Strains in a Mouse Co-Culture System of Adaptive Immunity