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Tigecycline is the antibiotic of last resort for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant bacterial infections, mainly those of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The plasmid-mediated  tet (X3) gene has recently been described in various pathogens that are resistant to tigecycline. We report three tigecycline-resistant  Acinetobacter towneri  strains isolated from porcine faeces in China, which all contained the  tet (X3)-harboring plasmids. A broth microdilution method was used to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates, and S1-Nuclease digestion pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE) was used to characterize their plasmid profiles. The whole-genome sequences of the isolates were determined with the Nanopore PromethION platform. The sequence analysis indicated that the strains were  A. towneri.  They showed resistance to multiple antibiotics, and all the resistance genes were located on plasmids. The three  tet (X3)-harboring plasmids had a similar backbone structure, and all contained  bla   OXA-58  with various insertion elements (IS). IS CR2  is considered an important factor in  tet (X3) mobilization. In addition to IS CR2 , we demonstrate that IS 26  generates a circular intermediate containing the  tet (X3) gene, which could increase the dissemination risk. To our knowledge, this is the first report of  tet (X3)- and  bla   OXA-58 -harboring plasmids in  A. towneri . Because the IS 26  is frequently found in front of  tet (X3), research should be directed toward the action of IS 26  in the spread of  tet (X3).

Characterization of Three Porcine Acinetobacter towneri Strains Co-Harboring tet(X3) and blaOXA-58