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Atypical enteropathogenic  E. coli  (aEPEC) is a group of diarrhoeagenic  Escherichia coli  with high diversity of serogroups, which lack the bundle-forming pili (BFP) and genes encoding for shiga toxins. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and determine virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of aEPEC O177 strains from cattle feces. A total of 780 samples were collected from beef and dairy cattle and analyzed for the presence of  E. coli  O177. One thousand two hundred and seventy-two (1272) presumptive isolates were obtained and 915 were confirmed as  E. coli  species. Three hundred and seventy-six isolates were positively confirmed as  E. coli  O177 through amplification of  rmlB  and  wzy  gene sequences using multiplex PCR. None of these isolates harbored  bfpA  gene. A larger proportion (12.74%) of the isolates harbored  hlyA  gene while 11.20, 9.07, 7.25, 2.60, and 0.63% possessed  stx  2 ,  stx  1  , eaeA, stx  2 a  , and  stx  2 d  , respectively. Most of  E. coli  O177 isolates carried  stx  2 / hlyA  (9.74%). Furthermore, 7.40% of the isolates harbored  stx  1 / stx  2  while 7.09% possessed  stx  1 / stx  2 / hlyA  genes. Only one isolate harbored  stx  1 / stx  2 / hly / eaeA / stx  2 a   /stx  2 d   while 5.11% of the isolates harbored all the four major virulence genes  stx  1 / stx  2 / hlyA / eaeA , simultaneously. Further analysis revealed that the isolates displayed varied antimicrobial resistance to erythromycin (63.84%), ampicillin (21.54%), tetracycline (13.37%), streptomycin (17.01%), kanamycin (2.42%), chloramphenicol (1.97%), and norfloxacin (1.40%). Moreover, 20.7% of the isolates exhibited different phenotypic multi-drug resistance patterns. All 73 isolates harbored at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. The  aadA, streA, streB, erm , and  tetA  resistance genes were detected separately and/or concurrently. In conclusion, our findings indicate that environmental isolates of aEPEC O177 strains obtained from cattle in South Africa harbored virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene determinants similar to those reported in other shiga-toxin producing  E. coli  strains and suggest that these determinants may contribute to the virulence of the isolates.

frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

The First Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Virulent Multi-Drug Resistant Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O177 Serogroup From South African Cattle