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Non-typhoidal  Salmonella  (NTS) strains are Gram negative bacterial pathogens that are associated with foodborne illness worldwide. During the process of infection,  Salmonella  uses two molecular injectisomes known as Type 3 Secretion Systems (T3SS) to secrete virulence factors that are encoded by  Salmonella  Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 into host cells. These secretion systems play a major role in virulence, as shown in various animal models, but little is known about their role in human infections. In Saudi Arabia, NTS strains frequently cause human infections but data regarding these pathogenic strains is fairly limited. The aim of this study was to characterize  Salmonella  human clinical isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by determining their serotype, testing for the presence of SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes and to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of these strains. Using the rapid Check and Trace  Salmonella  ™  (CTS) system our results demonstrate that  S . Enteritidis and  S . Typhimurium were the predominant serovars, followed by  S . Livingstone,  S . Kentucky and  S . Poona among a list of 36 serovars reported for the first time in the country. In addition, SPI-1 genes were detected in 99% of the isolates, while the  sifA  gene (SPI-2) was not detected in 13.5% of the isolates. These results suggest that both the SPI-1 and SPI-2 virulence determinants are important for human infection. Moreover, we report the presence of a Multi-Drug (MDR) carbapenem resistant  S . Kentucky isolate harboring the  bla  OXA−48  gene not reported previously in Saudi Arabia.

S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium Harboring SPI-1 and SPI-2 Are the Predominant Serotypes Associated With Human Salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia