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Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi) is a major virulence factor of human typhoid-causing pathogen  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi). It distinguishes  S . Typhi from closely related non-typhoidal  Salmonella  serovars such as  S . Typhimurium which do not normally cause systemic infection in humans. Vi not only forms a capsule around  S . Typhi but it is also readily released from this pathogen. We have previously reported that Vi targets prohibitin to inhibit cellular responses activated through immune receptors. Here, we show that engagement of membrane prohibitin with Vi prevents  Salmonella -induced activation of small Rho-family GTPases, Rac1, and Cdc42, and suppresses actin cytoskeletal rearrangements resulting in reduced invasion and highly subdued inflammatory responses. Cells infected with  S . Typhimurium in the presence of Vi show poor activation of NF-kB and MAP-kinase pathways of intracellular signaling. Treatment with Vi brings about redistribution of Rac-1, prohibitin, and ganglioside GM1 in membrane raft domains. Vi-mediated interference with activation of Rho-family GTPases represents a previously unrecognized mechanism by which  S . Typhi can limit its invasion and alarming of the host.

The Virulence Polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi Suppresses Activation of Rho Family GTPases to Limit Inflammatory Responses From Epithelial Cells