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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common agents causing acute liver disease worldwide. HAV has been increasingly reported as the cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. The standard method currently available for detection of the genome of HAV in vulnerable foodstuffs is by RT-qPCR (ISO 15216). Despite its usefulness in the investigation of foodborne viruses, the use of RT-qPCR in food virology has been shown to overestimate the quantity of infectious virus or to highly underestimate the effect of the treatment on virus inactivation. The gold standard methods currently used for evaluating the efficacy of inactivation treatments on the adapted strain of HAV (HM175/18f) are either the plaque assay or the end-point dilution assay (TCID 50 ). However, both assays are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system for detecting the infectivity of the adapted strain of HAV. Kinetics of cell impedance showed that HAV induced a decrease in cell index (CI) correlated with the onset of HAV-induced cell death. In addition, the time to which the HAV-induced CI drop occurred was dependent on the viral concentration. An inverse linear relation could be established over a range of 5 log 10  between the concentration of HAV and the time to reach 50% of CI decrease (TCI 50 ), showing that the RTCA assay could be used as a titration method for HAV. In addition, the RTCA-based assay could be performed in less than 6 days instead of 12 to 14 days with the gold standard methods. Therefore, the RTCA-based titration method is a powerful and suitable tool for high-throughput screening of anti-viral treatments. Its usefulness in HAV inactivation studies will improve the assessment of viral risk in food virology, as controlling transmission of viruses through their removal from foodstuffs is also an important challenge in reducing the burden of viral foodborne illnesses.

frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

Development of a Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) Method as a Fast and Accurate Method for Detecting Infectious Particles of the Adapted Strain of Hepatitis A Virus