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Background:  Intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB), an extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis of the eye, has unique and varied clinical presentations with poorly understood pathogenesis. As it is a significant cause of inflammation and visual morbidity, particularly in TB endemic countries, it is essential to study the pathogenesis of IOTB. Clinical and histopathologic studies suggest the presence of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.   Methods:  A human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cell line was infected with a virulent strain of  M. tuberculosis  (H37Rv). Electron microscopy and colony forming units (CFU) assay were performed to monitor the  M. tuberculosis  adherence, invasion, and intracellular replication, whereas confocal microscopy was done to study its intracellular fate in the RPE cells. To understand the pathogenesis, the transcriptional profile of  M. tuberculosis  in ARPE-19 cells was studied by whole genome microarray. Three upregulated  M. tuberculosis  transcripts were also examined in human IOTB vitreous samples.   Results:  Scanning electron micrographs of the infected ARPE-19 cells indicated adherence of bacilli, which were further observed to be internalized as monitored by transmission electron microscopy. The CFU assay showed that 22.7 and 8.4% of the initial inoculum of bacilli adhered and invaded the ARPE-19 cells, respectively, with an increase in fold CFU from 1 dpi (0.84) to 5dpi (6.58). The intracellular bacilli were co-localized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) and LAMP-2 in ARPE-19 cells. The transcriptome study of intracellular bacilli showed that most of the upregulated transcripts correspond to the genes encoding the proteins involved in the processes such as adherence (e.g.,  Rv1759c  and  Rv1026 ), invasion (e.g.,  Rv1971  and  Rv0169 ), virulence (e.g.,  Rv2844  and  Rv0775 ), and intracellular survival (e.g.,  Rv1884c  and  Rv2450c)  as well as regulators of various metabolic pathways. Two of the upregulated transcripts ( Rv1971, Rv1230c ) were also present in the vitreous samples of the IOTB patients.   Conclusions:   M. tuberculosis  is phagocytosed by RPE cells and utilizes these cells for intracellular multiplication with the involvement of late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and alters its transcriptional profile plausibly for its intracellular adaptation and survival. The findings of the present study could be important to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of IOTB with a potential role in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for IOTB.

Transcriptional Profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an in vitro Model of Intraocular Tuberculosis