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Mycobacterium avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis  is responsible for paratuberculosis in animals. This disease, leading to an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, has a high impact on animal health and an important economic burden. The environmental life cycle of  M. avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis  is poorly understood and several studies suggest that free-living amoebae (FLA) might be a potential environmental host. FLA are protozoa found in water and soil that are described as reservoirs of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the environment. Indeed, bacteria able to survive within these amoebae would survive phagocytosis from immune cells. In this study, we assessed the  in vitro  interactions between several strains of  M. avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis  and  Acanthamoeba castellanii . The results indicate that the bacteria were able to grow within the amoeba and that they can survive for several days within their host. To explore the presence of  M. avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis  in environmental amoebae, we sampled water from farms positive for paratuberculosis. A  M. avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis  strain was detected within an environmental amoeba identified as related to the poorly described  Rosculus  genus. The bacterial strain was genotyped, showing that it was similar to previous infectious strains isolated from cattle. In conclusion, we described that various  M. avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis  strains were able to grow within amoebae and that these bacteria could be found on farm within amoebae isolated from the cattle environment. It validates that infected amoebae might be a reservoir and vector for the transmission of  M. avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis .

Environmental Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Hosted by Free-Living Amoebae