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Like  Streptococcus mutans , lactobacilli are commonly isolated from carious sites, although their exact role in caries development remains unclear. This study used mixed-species models to analyze biofilm formation by major groups of oral lactobacilli, including  L. casei, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus, L. salivarius  ssp.  salivarius , and  L. gasseri . The results showed that lactobacilli did not form good biofilms when grown alone, although differences existed between different species. When grown together with  S. mutans , biofilm formation by  L. gasseri  and  L. rhamnosus  was increased by 2-log ( P  < 0.001), while biofilms by  L. fermentum  reduced by >1-log ( P  < 0.001).  L. casei  enhanced biofilm formation by ~2-log when grown with  S. mutans  wild-type, but no such effects were observed with  S. mutans  deficient of glucosyltransferase GtfB and adhesin P1. Both  S. mutans  and  L. casei  in dual-species enhanced resistance to acid killing with increases of survival rate by >1-log ( P  < 0.001), but drastically reduced the survival rates following exposure to hydrogen peroxide ( P  < 0.001), as compared to the respective mono-species cultures. When analyzed by RNA-seq, more than 134 genes were identified in  S. mutans  in dual-species with  L. casei  as either up- or down-regulated when compared to those grown alone. The up-regulated genes include those for superoxide dismutase, NADH oxidase, and members of the mutanobactin biosynthesis cluster. Among the down-regulated genes were those for GtfB and alternative sigma factor SigX. These results further suggest that interactions between  S. mutans  and oral lactobacilli are species-specific and may have significant impact on cariogenic potential of the community.

Streptococcus mutans Displays Altered Stress Responses While Enhancing Biofilm Formation by Lactobacillus casei in Mixed-Species Consortium