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Chlamydia trachomatis  is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and preventable blindness. Untreated, asymptomatic infection as well as frequent re-infection are common and may drive pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility.  In vivo  models of chlamydial infection continue to be instrumental in progress toward a vaccine and further elucidating the pathogenesis of this intracellular bacterium, however significant gaps in our understanding remain. Chlamydial host cell exit occurs via two mechanisms, lysis and extrusion, although the latter has yet to be reported  in vivo  and its biological role is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate whether chlamydial extrusions are shed  in vivo  following infection with multiple strains of  Chlamydia . We utilized an established C3H/HeJ murine cervicovaginal infection model with  C. trachomatis  serovars D and L2 and the  Chlamydia muridarum  strain MoPn to monitor the (i) time course of infection and mode of host cell exit, (ii) mucosal and systemic immune response to infection, and (iii) gross and histopathology following clearance of active infection. The key finding herein is the first identification of chlamydial extrusions shed from host cells in an  in vivo  model. Extrusions, a recently appreciated mode of host cell exit and potential means of dissemination, had been previously observed solely  in vitro . The results of this study demonstrate that chlamydial extrusions exist  in vivo  and thus warrant further investigation to determine their role in chlamydial pathogenesis.

Comparison of Murine Cervicovaginal Infection by Chlamydial Strains: Identification of Extrusions Shed In vivo