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The recent article, “The impact of horizontal gene transfer on the adaptive ability of the human oral microbiome” by Roberts and Kreth (2014) provides a valuable review of the mechanisms and consequences of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the oral microbiome. It discusses the three well-known mechanisms of HGT (i.e., transformation, conjugation and transduction), as well as the recently described mechanism of vesicle-mediated gene transfer, although the bulk of the attention is given to transformation occurring in oral biofilms. The authors emphasize the potential importance of HGT in the oral microbiome by pointing to the demonstrated transfer of genes (in vitro) from transient oral bacteria, unable to colonize oral biofilms, to members of the established oral microbiome community. Thus, the genes (and their consequences) may remain in the oral cavity long after the (bacterial) sources of the genes are gone. In this regard, it should be noted that there have been several recent reports of transient oral infections following the ingestion of certain foods, such as cheeses (Razavi et al., 2007; Kamodyova et al., 2014).

Transduction-mediated horizontal gene transfer in the oral microbiome