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Vibrio parahaemolyticus  is a clinically important foodborne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis worldwide. It has been shown that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributes significantly to virulence development of  V. parahaemolyticus . In this study, we identified a novel  znuA  homolog ( vpa1307 ) that belongs to a novel subfamily of ZnuA, a bacterial zinc transporter. The  vpa1307  gene is located upstream of the  V. parahaemolyticus  pathogenicity island (Vp-PAIs) in both  tdh -positive and  trh -positive  V. parahaemolyticus  strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the exogenous origin of  vpa1307  with 40% of  V. parahaemolyticus  clinical isolates possessing this gene. The expression of  vpa1307  gene in  V. parahaemolyticus  clinical strain VP3218 is induced under zinc limitation condition. Gene deletion and complementation assays confirmed that  vpa1307  contributes to the growth of VP3218 under zinc depletion condition and that conserved histidine residues of Vpa1307 contribute to its activity. Importantly,  vpa1307  contributes to the cytotoxicity of VP3218 in HeLa cells and a certain degree of virulence in murine model. These results suggest that the horizontally acquired  znuA  subfamily gene,  vpa1307 , contributes to the fitness and virulence of  Vibrio  species.

Characterization of a novel zinc transporter ZnuA acquired by Vibrio parahaemolyticus through horizontal gene transfer