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Researchers often focus on the mechanisms of synergistic agents, a few explore drug combinations that enhance toxicity, while few have studied the internal mechanism of compatibility enhancement in chemical level. Herein, we present a comprehensive analysis based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) and a self-assembled supramolecular strategy, which reveals the toxicity-enhancing essence of glycyrrhizic acid originated in licorice when combined with  Genkwa Flos . Through this method, we discovered the toxicity was enhanced through the formation of a supramolecular complex from  Genkwa Flos /glycyrrhizic acid. The morphology and size distribution of the self-assembled nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering Furthermore, a total of 58 constituents (eight diterpenoids, 35 flavonoids, five phenylpropanoids, four nucleosides, two amino acids, and four other compounds) consisted from the supramolecular complex were identified through accurate-mass measurements in full-scan MS/data-dependent MS/MS mode. Based on the hydrophobic interaction of glycyrrhizic acid with yuanhuacine (one of main ingredients from  Genkwa Flos ), the supramolecular self-assembly mechanism was revealed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) and NOESY 2D NMR. The toxicity of  Genkwa Flos  and  Genkwa Flos /glycyrrhizic acid supramolecular complex were compared through  in vitro  studies on L-02 cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining was performed to further confirm the enhancement inhibition of  Genkwa Flos /glycyrrhizic acid supramolecular complex than  Genkwa Flos . This study provides fundamental scientific evidence of the formation of a self-assembled phytochemical supramolecular when  Genkwa Flos  and glycyrrhizic acid are combined, enabling to understand their clinical incompatibility and contraindication.

frontiers in chemistry

Revealing the Toxicity-Enhancing Essence of Glycyrrhiza on Genkwa Flos Based on Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Self-Assembled Supramolecular Technology