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Background:  DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification, among which 5-methylcytosine methylation (5mC) is generally associated with tumorigenesis. Nonetheless, the potential roles of 5mC regulators in the tumor microenvironment (TME) remain unclear.    Methods:  The 5mC modification patterns of 1,374 lung adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed systematically. The correlation between the 5mC modification and tumor microenvironment cell infiltratio n  was further assessed. The 5mCscore was developed to evaluate tumor mutation burden, immune check-point inhibitor response, and the clinical prognosis of individual tumors.    Results:  Three 5mC modification patterns were establis h ed based on the clinical characteristics of 21 5mC regulators. According to the differential expression of 5mC regulators, three distinct 5mC gene cluster were also identified, which showed distinct TME immune cell infiltration patterns and clinical prognoses. The 5mCscore was constructed to evaluate the tumor mutation burden, immune check-point inhibitor response, and prognosis characteristics. We found that patients with a low 5mCscore had significant immune cell infiltration and increased clinical benefit.    Conclusion:  This study indicated that the 5mC modification is involved in regulating TME infiltration remodeling. Targeting 5mC modification regulators might be a novel strategy to treat lung cancer.

frontiers in cell and developmental biology

Molecular Characterization of the Clinical and Tumor Immune Microenvironment Signature of 5-methylcytosine-Related Regulators in non-small Cell Lung Cancer