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Glomerular podocytes are characterized by terminally differentiated epithelial cells with limited proliferating ability; thus, podocyte loss could not be fully compensated by podocyte regeneration. A large body of clinical studies collectively demonstrated that podocyte loss correlated with glomerular diseases progression. Both podocyte death and podocyte detachment lead to podocyte loss; however, which one is the main cause remains controversial. Up to date, multiple mechanisms are involved in podocyte death, including programmed apoptotic cell death (apoptosis and anoikis), programmed nonapoptotic cell death (autophagy, entosis, and podoptosis), immune-related cell death (pyroptosis), and other types of cell death (necroptosis and mitotic catastrophe-related cell death). Apoptosis is considered a common mechanism of podocyte loss; however, most of the data were generated  in vitro  and the evidence of  in vivo  podocyte apoptosis is limited. The isolation of podocytes in the urine and subsequent culture of urinary podocytes  in vitro  suggest that detachment of viable podocytes could be another important mechanism for podocyte loss. In this review, we summarize recent advances that address this controversial topic on the specific circumstances of podocyte loss.

Controversies in Podocyte Loss: Death or Detachment?