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Parasitic infection can induce pathological injuries and impact the gut microbiota diversity and composition of the host.  Bacillus subtilis  is a nonpathogenic and noninvasive probiotic bacterium for humans and other animals, playing an important role in improving the host immune system’s ability to respond to intestinal and liver diseases and modulating gut microbiota. However, whether  B. subtilis  can impact biological functions in  Schistosoma japonicum –infected mice is unclear. This study used oral administration (OA) of  B. subtilis  to treat mice infected with  S. japonicum . We evaluated changes in the gut microbiota of infected mice using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and differentially expressed gene profiles using transcriptome sequencing after OA  B. subtilis . We found that OA  B. subtilis  significantly attenuated hepatic and intestinal pathological injuries in infected mice. The gut microbiota of mice were significantly altered after  S. japonicum  infection, while OA  B. subtilis  remodel the diversity and composition of gut microbiomes of infected mice. We found that the  S. japonicum– infected mice with OA  B. subtilis  had an overabundance of the most prevalent bacterial genera, including  Bacteroides ,  Enterococcus ,  Lactobacillus ,  Blautia ,  Lachnoclostridium ,  Ruminiclostridium , and  Enterobacter.  Transcriptomic analysis of intestinal tissues revealed that OA  B. subtilis  shaped the intestinal microenvironment of the host responding to  S. japonicum  infection. Differentially expressed genes were classified into KEGG pathways between  S. japonicum– infected mice and those without included cell adhesion molecules, intestinal immune network for IgA production, hematopoietic cell lineage, Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, Th17 cell differentiation, calcium signaling pathway, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, chemokine signaling pathway, phospholipase D signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, pancreatic secretion, and phagosome. In conclusion, our findings showed that OA  B. subtilis  alleviates pathological injuries and regulates gene expression, implying that  B. subtilis  supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for schistosomiasis. Our study may highlight the value of probiotics as a beneficial supplementary therapy during human schistosomiasis, but further studies are needed.

frontiers in cell and developmental biology

Bacillus subtilis Attenuates Hepatic and Intestinal Injuries and Modulates Gut Microbiota and Gene Expression Profiles in Mice Infected with Schistosoma japonicum