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Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation is the best-studied cellular therapy and successful  in vitro  control of HSPCs has wide clinical implications. Nitric oxide (NO) is a central signaling molecule  in vivo  and has been implicated in HSPC mobilization to the blood stream in mice. The influence of NO on HSPC behavior  in vitro  is, however, largely obscure due to the variety of employed cell types, NO administration systems, and used concentration ranges in the literature. Additionally, most studies are based on murine cells, which do not necessarily mimic human HSPC behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was the systematic, concentration-dependent evaluation of NO-mediated effects on human HSPC behavior  in vitro . By culture in the presence of the long-term NO donor diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO) in a nontoxic concentration window, a biphasic role of NO in the regulation of HSPC behavior was identified: Low DETA/NO concentrations activated classical NO signaling, identified via increased intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels and proteinkinases G (PKG)-dependent vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation and mediated a pro-proliferative response of HSPCs. In contrast, elevated NO concentrations slowed cell proliferation and induced HSPC differentiation. At high concentrations, s-nitrosylation levels were elevated, and myeloid differentiation was increased at the expense of lymphoid progenitors. Together, these findings hint at a central role of NO in regulating human HSPC behavior and stress the importance and the potential of the use of adequate NO concentrations for  in vitro  cultures of HSPCs, with possible implications for clinical application of  in vitro  expanded or differentiated HSPCs for cellular therapies.

Nitric Oxide in the Control of the in vitro Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells