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Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major non-bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. No stable culture system  in vitro  is available for routing the detection of multiple strains of HuNoVs. A simple and rapid method for detection of HuNoVs is of great significance for preventing and controlling this pathogen. In this work, an electrochemical biosensor for sensitive and fast detection of HuNoVs was constructed based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Gold nanoparticles and protein-A were applied on the SPCE surface for enhancement of the electrical signals and the linkage of antibodies with a fixed orientation, respectively. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the S domain protein of the viral capsid (VP1) was further immobilized on the SPCE to bind HuNoVs specifically. The binding of VP1 to the coated MAbs resulted in the reduction of conductivity (current) measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The reduction in the current was correlated to the concentration of VP1/HuNoVs. The detection limitation of Genogroup I.1 (GI.1) VP1 and Genogroup II.4 (GII.4) VP1 was 0.37 ng/ml (≈1.93×10 7  HuNoVs/mL) and 0.22 ng/ml (≈1.15×10 7  HuNoVs/mL), respectively. The detection limitation of both GI and GII HuNoVs in clinical fecal samples was 10 4  genomic copies/mL. The results could be obtained in 1 h. We demonstrated that this disposable electrochemical biosensor was a good candidate for rapid detection of different genogroup and genotype HuNoVs.

A Broad-Range Disposable Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes for Detection of Human Noroviruses