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For achieving early intervention treatment to help patients delay or avoid joint replacement surgery, a personalized scaffold should be designed coupling the effects of mechanical, fluid mechanical, chemical, and biological factors on tissue regeneration, which results in time- and cost-consuming trial-and-error analyses to investigate the  in vivo  test and related experimental tests. To optimize the fluid mechanical and material properties to predict osteogenesis and cartilage regeneration for the  in vivo  and clinical trial, a simulation approach is developed for scaffold design, which is composed of a volume of a fluid model for simulating the bone marrow filling process of the bone marrow and air, as well as a discrete phase model and a cell impingement model for tracking cell movement during bone marrow fillings. The bone marrow is treated as a non-Newtonian fluid, rather than a Newtonian fluid, because of its viscoelastic property. The simulation results indicated that the biofunctional bionic scaffold with a dense layer to prevent the bone marrow flow to the cartilage layer and synovia to flow into the trabecular bone area guarantee good osteogenesis and cartilage regeneration, which leads to high-accuracy  in vivo  tests in sheep . This approach not only predicts the final bioperformance of the scaffold but also could optimize the scaffold structure and materials by their biochemical, biological, and biomechanical properties.

Determination of an Initial Stage of the Bone Tissue Ingrowth Into Titanium Matrix by Cell Adhesion Model