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Medical products comprising human cells, genes, and tissues have been developed for clinical applications worldwide, and their developmental environment has been established. These products can be imported and exported, but marketing authorization regulations are complicated among regions. This investigation was conducted to identify the characteristics of medical products comprising human cells, genes, and tissues. We used website data, books from survey companies, and reports from public agencies to conduct two investigations. We used website data to conduct a general information survey of 143 cell-therapy and gene-therapy products sold in 24 countries and public assessment reports to individually survey non-clinical and clinical developments of 18 cell-therapy and gene-therapy products developed in Japan and the European Union (EU). The first survey revealed that the numbers of products used in orthopedic surgery and dermatology have increased since 2000, and the numbers of hematological products have increased since 2011. The second investigation revealed that fewer orphaned products were developed in Japan than in the EU. The most appropriate dose was 1.2 × 10 8  cells per injection per adult. Clinical trials to determine the most appropriate dose were conducted in the EU but not in Japan. No non-clinical immunogenicity tests for autogenous products were conducted in Japan or the EU. Pharmacokinetics tests were not individually performed for sheet-form products. Both  in vivo  and  in vitro  pharmacological tests were more likely to be conducted in the EU, while only one or the other was conducted in Japan. Furthermore, in Japan, carcinogenicity tests were performed based on non-clinical technical guidance, while in the EU, these tests were determined according to each product's features. Fewer clinical trials were performed, and fewer subjects per product were used in Japan than in the EU. Many aspects of the clinical and non-clinical development of medical products comprising human cells, genes, and tissues differ between Japan and the EU. Analyzing these differences will enable the safe and rapid distribution of these products to clinical sites.

frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology

Characteristics of Medical Products Comprising Human Cells, Genes, or Tissues Developed in Japan and the European Union Compared via Public Assessment Reports