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The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in Froude efficiency (η  F  ) and active drag ( D   A  ) between front crawl and backstroke at the same speed. η  F   was investigated by the three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis using 10 male swimmers. The swimmers performed 50 m swims at four swimming speeds in each technique, and their whole body motion during one upper-limb cycle was quantified by a 3D direct linear transformation algorithm with manually digitized video footage. Stroke length ( SL ), stroke frequency ( SF ), the index of coordination ( IdC ), η  F  , and the underwater body volume ( UWV   body  ) were obtained.  D   A   was assessed by the measuring residual thrust method (MRT method) using a different group of swimmers (six males) due to a sufficient experience and familiarization required for the method. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (trials and techniques as the factors) and a paired  t -test were used for the outcomes from the 3D motion analysis and the MRT method, respectively. Swimmers had 8.3% longer  SL , 5.4% lower  SF , 14.3% smaller  IdC , and 30.8% higher η  F   in front crawl than backstroke in the 3D motion analysis (all  p  < 0.01), which suggest that front crawl is more efficient than backstroke. Backstroke had 25% larger  D   A   at 1.2 m⋅s –1  than front crawl ( p  < 0.01) in the MRT trial. A 4% difference in  UWV   body   ( p  < 0.001) between the two techniques in the 3D motion analysis also indirectly showed that the pressure drag and friction drag were probably larger in backstroke than in front crawl. In conclusion, front crawl is more efficient and has a smaller  D   A   than backstroke at the same swimming speed.

frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology

Front Crawl Is More Efficient and Has Smaller Active Drag Than Backstroke Swimming: Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison Between the Two Techniques at the Same Swimming Speeds