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Salmonella enterica  serovar 4,[5],12:i:-, so-called Typhimurium monophasic variant, has become one of the most frequently isolated serovars both in humans and in animals all over the world. The increasing prevalence of  mcr -1-carrying  Salmonella  poses significant global health concerns. However, the potential role of  Salmonella  4,[5],12:i:- in  mcr - 1  gene migration through the food chain to the human remains obscure. Here, we investigated 337  Salmonella  isolates from apparently healthy finishing pigs, which is rarely studied, obtained from pig farms and slaughterhouses in China. The  mcr - 1  gene was found in four colistin-resistant  S. enterica  4,[5],12:i:- isolates. Notably, all four isolates belonged to sequence type 34 (ST34) with multidrug resistance phenotype. Further genomic sequencing and antimicrobial resistance characterization confirmed that  mcr  was responsible for the colistin resistance, and the conjugation assay demonstrated that three of four isolates carried  mcr - 1  in IncHI2 plasmid. Importantly,  mcr - 1  and class-1 integron were found to co-localize in two strains with IncHI2 plasmid. By collecting all the  mcr - 1 -carrying Typhimurium and monophasic variant strains across the food chain (farm animals, animal-origin food, and humans), our phylogenomic analysis of available 66 genomes, including four strains in this study, demonstrated an independent phylogenetic cluster of all eight Chinese swine-originated isolates and one human isolate. Together, this study provides direct evidence for clonal and pork-borne transmission of  mcr-1  by  Salmonella  4,[5],12:i:- ST34 in China and highlighted a domestication pathway by acquisition of additional antimicrobial resistance determinants in Chinese ST34 isolates.

Genomic Characterization of mcr-1-carrying Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:- ST 34 Clone Isolated From Pigs in China