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Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a term that has become synonymous with genome editing. CRISPR enables researchers to modify genomic DNA in vivo directly and efficiently. Several review articles have been published on the history, biotechnology, and implications of CRISPR system recently (Doudna and Charpentier, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Barrangou, 2015; Lander, 2016; Ledford, 2016), so the CRISPR biotechnology will not be described in great detail here. The foundational discoveries that led to CRISPR biotechnology can be traced back to 1993 (Mojica et al., 1993), when the genomic regions known as CRISPR loci were first identified. In 2007, after years of studying CRISPR genetic motifs, Barrangou et al. (2007) came to the conclusion that CRISPR’s function is related to microbial cellular immunity. CRISPR identifies, targets, and eliminates foreign DNA. When a bacteriophage infects a bacterium, CRISPR cuts out fragment of the foreign DNA and stores it in the bacteria’s own genome. The bacterium then uses the stored DNA to recognize the virus and defend against future attacks. Since the discovery of the mechanism of action utilized by the CRISPR-associated (Cas) locus system, several different forms of the Cas loci have been characterized. While CRISPR–Cas system is revolutionary due to its speed and adaptability, it is not the first technology to enable genome engineering. That distinction belongs to a biotechnology known as zinc-finger nucleases (Bibikova et al., 2001). Other core technologies that commonly used to facilitate genome editing are the transcription activator-like effector nucleases (Boch et al., 2009; Moscou and Bogdanove, 2009), and homing endonucleases or meganucleases (Silva et al., 2011; Stoddard, 2014). However, the ease of use and versatility of CRISPR–Cas system has led to its rapid and broad adoption for genome engineering.

Commentary: CRISPR–Cas Encoding of a Digital Movie into the Genomes of a Population of Living Bacteria